Islamic Republic of Iran
| Islamic Republic of Iran جمهوری اسلامی ایران (Persian) Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân | |
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.svg) Flag
 Coat of arms
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Motto: اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ Allāhu ʾakbar (Takbir) "God is the Greatest" (de jure) استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi "Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic" (de facto) | |
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Anthem: مهر خاوران Mehre khāvarān "Eastern Sun" | |
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| Capital and largest city |
Tehran |
| Official languages | Persian |
| Mode of production | State, bureaucrat capitalism |
| Government | Unitary bourgeois theocratic autocratic regime |
• Supreme Leader |
Ali Khamenei |
• President |
Masoud Pezeshkian |
• Vice President |
Mohammad Reza Aref |
| History | |
• Median kingdom |
circa 678 BC |
• Achaemenid Empire |
550 BC |
• Parthian Empire |
247 BC |
• Sasanian Empire |
224 AD |
• Iranian Intermezzo |
821 |
• Safavid Iran |
22 December 1501 |
• Afsharid Iran |
22 January 1736 |
• Zand Iran |
1751 |
• Qajar Iran |
20 March 1794 |
• Constitutional Revolution |
12 December 1905 |
| 15 December 1925 | |
| 11 February 1979 | |
• Current constitution |
3 December 1979 |
• Constitution amendment |
28 July 1989 |
| Area | |
• Total |
1,648,195 km² (17th) |
| Population | |
• 2025 estimate |
92,417,681 |
• Density |
52 km² (132nd) |
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI),[a] is a reactionary religious fundamentalist state in West Asia. As of 2025, the country has a population of 92,417,681[1] and a land area of 1,648,195 km2, making it the sixth-largest country in Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan and Afghanistan to its east, Turkmenistan to its northeast, Armenia, Türkiye, and Azerbaijan to its northwest, and Iraq to its west.
Iran is deeply aligned with the eastern camp of imperialism represented by the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China.
History
Monarchy
For centuries, Iran has been ruled by multiple Islamic monarchies, including the Safavids, Afsharids, and Zands. After a coup d'état in 1921, the Qajar dynasty was replaced with the Pahlavi dynasty. In 1951, under Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, the Iranian parliament voted to nationalize the British-owned oil industry in addition to introducing various social democratic reforms. In 1953, the Mosaddegh government was overthrown by the Western imperialists, namely the CIA and MI6, and General Fazlollah Zahedi was appointed Prime Minister. The coup was executed to protect Anglo-American oil interests and a strongly anti-communist regime was instituted.[2]
Islamic Revolution
The monarchist regime would continue until the late 1970s, when an opposing bourgeois movement led by religious cleric Ruhollah Khomeini would gain power of the country in 1979, forming the theocratic Islamic Republic of Iran and forcing the monarchy into exile.
State repression
The Islamic Republic of Iran has committed various crimes against humanity and persecutions targeting multiple demographics.
Anti-communism
The leadership and founders of the IRI have been consistent anti-communists.
Since the late 1980s, the theocratic government of Iran has secretly executed thousands of political dissidents, many of whom communists, and put them in unmarked mass graves. The minimum number of victims stands at 5,000.[3]
References
- ↑ "Iran Population (2025)". Worldometer.
- ↑ CIA Confirms Role in 1953 Iran Coup. The National Security Archive.
- ↑ "Blood-Soaked Secrets" (October 31, 2018). Amnesty International.
Notes
- ↑ Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران, romanized: Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân