Roman civilization
Roman civilization[a] began with the founding of the city of Rome within the Italian Peninsula, traditionally dated to have occurred on 753 BCE. Throughout the following centuries, Rome would adopt republican governance and dominate the Italian Peninsula and Mediterranean as a whole. In 27 BCE, after a series of civil wars which began in 49 BCE concluded, the Roman Republic would be reconstituted into the Roman Empire under the reign of Octavian. Although the decades following the rise of the Empire were prosperous, the Roman Empire would later experience stagnation and decline in periods such as the Crisis of the Third Century, and would eventually be conclusively partitioned into the Eastern and Western Roman Empire by 395 CE after the death of Emperor Theodosius I. Although the Western Roman Empire would quickly become moribund and collapse in 476 CE after migratory invasion and conquest by Germanic peoples, the Eastern Roman Empire (often known as the Byzantine Empire) would continue until its ultimate fall in 1453 CE.[1]
The primary mode of production in Roman civilization was slavery, with a wealthy ruling class of patricians and slave-owners wielding political power to maintain the harsh exploitation of the lower strata of slaves and plebeians. At least by the time of the third century CE, slavery was being undermined with emerging feudal relations, of which, would become dominate by the time of the Byzantine Empire.[2]
Periods
Foundation and monarchy (753 BCE–509 BCE)
Republican period (509 BCE–27 BCE)
Imperial period (27 BCE–395 CE)
East-West division and Eastern Roman Empire (395 CE–1453 CE)
See also
References
- ↑ "Ancient Rome" (in Russian). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
- ↑ Chris Harman (1999). A People's History of the World, Ch. 5 Rome's rise and fall.
Notes
- ↑ Latin: Roma