German unification

The German Empire after the German Unification of 1871

The German unification in 1871 marked a turning point for capitalism and class society in central Europe. The birth of the German Empire under Prussian dominance did not result from a popular revolution, but from wars waged by feudal forces, culminating in a political structure designed to benefit the rising bourgeoisie at the expense of workers and peasants.

Bourgeois Development and Reaction

Decades of failed revolution had taught the working class that the bourgeoisie, though capable of challenging feudalism, would ultimately betray democratic aspirations out of fear of proletarian revolt. The unification solved the national question by creating a single economic space for the growth of German capital, paving the way for industrial and economic boom while consolidating state power in the hands of monarchs and big business.

Class Struggle and Its Limits

For workers, the new German Empire brought intensified exploitation but also opened up opportunities for organization and solidarity on a new scale. However, the unification from above, rather than below, delayed genuine democracy and worker empowerment. The lesson of this process is clear: even progressive achievements like national unity, when won by reactionary means, ultimately serve class oppressors and must be transcended by struggles from below.