Philippine-American War
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| Philippine-American War | |||||||||
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 U.S. troops pictured near a mass grave of Moro insurgents and civilians massacred during the Battle of Bud Dajo in the Philippines. | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
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1899–1902:
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1899–1902:
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1902–1913: Tagalog Republic(until 1906) Maguindanao Sultanate (until 1905) Sulu Sultanate |
1902–1913:
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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| Strength | |||||||||
| ≈80,000–100,000 regular and irregular |
≈126,000 total ≈24,000 to ≈44,000 field strength | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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About 10,000 killed (Emilio Aguinaldo estimate), 16,000–20,000 killed (American estimate) | 4,200 killed, 2,818 wounded, several succumbed to disease | ||||||||
| 200,000 to 1,500,000 civilians / non-combatants killed | |||||||||
The Philippine-American War was an imperialist war fought by the United States of America and the newly independent First Philippine Republic from 1899 to 1902.
History
Background
The Philippine Revolution was temporarily at a standstill after the betrayal of Andres Bonifacio, the Pact of Biak na Bato, and the exile of Emilio Aguinaldo to British Hong Kong.
By 1898, the United States started a war with Spanish Empire and enlisted the help of Aguinaldo's rebels to continue the revolution
Benevolent Assimilation and War in Luzon
A mock battle was agreed upon and happened between the Americans and the Spaniards[1]
American War Crimes
The United States is responsible for unleashing a reign of terror, if not a genocide, on the Filipinos. The Americans, with the help of local collaborators (Macabebe scouts), pillaged towns and lead a mass scorched earth policy. After a defeat on the Americans at the town of Balangiga in Samar, General Jacob H. Smith led a policy of killing 10 year olds as the invaders feared that they may be able to carry arms.[2] About 200,000 to 1,500,000 non combatants were killed by the imperialists.[3][4]
Conclusion
Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the United States and even pledged allegiance to it. With this betrayal, the First Philippine Republic was de jure dissolved and the resistance was fractured. A Tagalog Republic was established upon the capture of Aguinaldo, but was dismantled when its leader, Macario Sakay, was captured and executed by the American imperialists in 1906.
The United States later waged a counter-insurgency operation in the southern muslim majority region of Mindanao, where they also practiced the same atrocities, until 1913.[5]
The Philippines was then introduced to a new form of capitalism under American occupation. It later became a "transitional" commonwealth government by 1934 and was later given nominal independence in 1946.
Further Reading
See also
References
- ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica Philippine-American War
- ↑ Freight, Andrew, General Jacob H. Smith & the Philippine War’s Samar Campaign
- ↑ Clem, Andrew (2016), The Filipino Genocide
- ↑ Vaughn, Victor, Philippine-American War The Espresso Stalinist
- ↑ Open Ended Social Studies.Org The Philippines In American Empire